Forex rate or PPP? What’s real?

Supposing you were offered a job with an annual salary of $150,000 in the US and another job offering Rs. 60 lakhs in India (approx. $75,000), which would you choose? If your answer goes something like this, “duh, what’s wrong with you? The US job of course, idiot” think again.

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Deciphering Currency Value: PPP vs Forex Rates in the Context of INR and USD

Understanding the value of money across borders is pivotal for both economic enthusiasts and professionals. Two key concepts that help in this understanding are Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Foreign Exchange (Forex) rates. This blog post explores these concepts through the lens of the Indian Rupee (INR) and the US Dollar (USD), providing practical examples, discussing real-world deviations, examining the impact of interest rates, and the role of central bank interventions.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

• Definition: PPP compares the relative value of currencies based on the cost of a standard set of goods and services in different countries.
• Example: If a basket of goods costs ₹5000 in India and $100 in the US, the PPP rate would be 50 INR/USD.

Foreign Exchange (Forex) Rates

• Definition: Forex rates are the market prices at which currencies are exchanged.
• Example: If the Forex rate is 75 INR/USD, you need ₹75 to buy $1.

PPP vs Forex Rates

• Stability: PPP is stable over time, while Forex rates are volatile.
• Influence: Forex rates are affected by immediate market dynamics; PPP reflects long-term economic trends.
• Usage: Forex rates are for current transactions; PPP is for macroeconomic analysis.

Practical Examples of PPP

• Big Mac Index: This index uses the price of a Big Mac to determine currency valuation.
• GDP Comparison: Adjusting GDP for PPP can significantly alter the perceived size of an economy.
• Cost of Living: PPP adjusts salaries to reflect the true purchasing power within a country.
• Arbitrage Opportunities: Price differences revealed by PPP can indicate potential for profit.

Real-World Deviations from PPP

Despite its theoretical appeal, PPP doesn’t always align with actual exchange rates due to factors like trade barriers, transportation costs, and market segmentation. For example, the price of similar goods varies significantly across European cities, indicating deviations from PPP.

The Cost of Bread: A Case Study

• India: A loaf of fresh white bread (1 lb) costs approximately ₹37.55.
• USA: The average cost for a loaf of bread is around $2.50.

This comparison illustrates the differences in purchasing power and cost of living between the two countries.

The Impact of Interest Rates on Exchange Rates

Interest rates are a powerful economic tool that can significantly influence currency values and exchange rates. Higher interest rates typically lead to currency appreciation, attracting foreign investment, while lower rates can lead to depreciation.

Real-World Application

• Scenario 1: If the Reserve Bank of India hikes interest rates while the US Federal Reserve keeps them steady, we might see the INR strengthen against the USD.
• Scenario 2: Conversely, if the US raises rates and India doesn’t, the USD might appreciate against the INR.

The Impact of Central Bank Interventions on Exchange Rates

Central banks can influence exchange rates through direct intervention by buying or selling currencies, and indirectly through policy announcements. Their actions can have significant, albeit sometimes temporary, effects on currency values.

Real-World Application

• Turkey and Mexico: Data from Turkey and Mexico show how central bank interventions have attempted to address currency depreciation with varying degrees of success¹.
• Market Reaction: The market’s reaction to central bank interventions can be unpredictable, and while some interventions successfully stabilize the currency, others may fail to prevent depreciation over the long term¹.

Conclusion

The concepts of PPP and Forex rates are integral to understanding the value of currencies like the INR and USD. While PPP offers a long-term economic perspective, Forex rates provide immediate transactional value. Real-world deviations from PPP highlight the complexities of international economics, and practical examples like the cost of bread bring these concepts to life. Interest rates and central bank interventions add further layers of complexity, influencing exchange rates in significant ways.

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Source: Conversation with Bing, 4/3/2024
(1) Central bank interventions in the foreign exchange market | FRED Blog. https://fredblog.stlouisfed.org/2022/01/central-bank-interventions-in-the-foreign-exchange-market/.
(2) Central Bank Intervention in the Foreign Exchange Market – DailyFX. https://www.dailyfx.com/education/forex-fundamental-analysis/central-bank-interventions.html.
(3) Central bank intervention and exchange rate volatility. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261560697980554.
(4) Central bank interventions and implied exchange rate correlations. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46506876_Central_bank_interventions_and_implied_exchange_rate_correlations.
(5) Impact of foreign exchange interventions on exchange rate expectations. https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap73d_rh.pdf.

TMK, DMK, and Nagarathnamma

Introduction

Unless you have been living under a rock or have never heard about Carnatic music, you could not have missed the huge controversy surrounding the current events involving the Music Academy, musician T.M. Krishna, the spate of boycotts, and Chitraveena Ravikiran’s return of the Sangeetha Kalanidhi award. 

Adding the proverbial fuel to the fire is the still echoing uproar surrounding the remarks of a current minister in the DMK about abolishing Sanatana Dharma, which, in his view, is encouraging caste discrimination. The political party DMK, came to power espousing the cause of social justice and equality as espoused by another leader, E.V. Ramaswamy a.k.a Periyar.

A quick flashback

Eons ago, a Devadasi faced a similar cultural boycott. Bangalore Nagarathnamma was the target then. The irony is that the sister duo Ranjani-Gayathri, who were quick off the block in the current controversy, would have never been allowed to perform but for Bangalore Nagarathnamma’s crusade to allow women to perform on stage.

Who was Bangalore Nagarathnamma?

Bangalore Nagarathnamma (1878–1952) is a remarkable figure in the history of Carnatic music. Not only did she make exceptional contributions to preserving the legacy of Saint Tyagaraja, but she also played a pioneering role in challenging and transforming the societal norms of her time. Her life and work initiated several social revolutions within the Carnatic music community and beyond, advocating for inclusivity, equality, and the recognition of talent irrespective of gender or caste. This blog post delves into her contributions and the social revolutions she sparked while addressing the current controversies surrounding contemporary Carnatic musician T.M. Krishna.

Bangalore Nagarathnamma’s Contributions and Social Revolutions

Preservation and Promotion of Tyagaraja’s Legacy

• Nagarathnamma’s unwavering devotion to Tyagaraja, one of the Trinity of Carnatic music, is well-documented.
• She was crucial in establishing the Tyagaraja Aradhana, an annual music festival held in Thiruvaiyaru, Tamil Nadu, to celebrate Tyagaraja’s compositions.
• This festival has become a cornerstone event for Carnatic music enthusiasts worldwide, where artists pay homage to the great composer through soul-stirring renditions.

Establishment of Tyagaraja’s Memorial

• Recognizing the significance of preserving Tyagaraja’s memory, Nagarathnamma took a bold step.
• She purchased land around Tyagaraja’s samadhi in Thiruvaiyaru and constructed a temple in his honor.
• This space became the epicenter for the annual Aradhana festival, ensuring that Tyagaraja’s contributions to Indian classical music were celebrated for generations.
• Her initial efforts to organize an all-inclusive music festival met with resistance

How her Thygaraja festival was boycotted

The boycott of Bangalore Nagarathnammal’s Tyagaraja Aradhana festival by caste-based musicians primarily stemmed from the orthodox and conservative sections of the Carnatic music community, particularly from higher caste Brahmins. This resistance was deeply rooted in the prevailing caste hierarchies and social norms of early 20th-century India, which often dictated access to cultural and religious practices, including music. Nagarathnammal’s festival, which was groundbreaking in its inclusivity, challenged these entrenched norms by welcoming musicians and attendees regardless of their caste or gender. Here’s a closer look at how the boycott unfolded and its implications:

Mechanisms of the Boycott

• Caste-Based Exclusivity: The elite musicians and patrons, who were predominantly from the upper-caste Brahmin community, viewed the participation of lower-caste individuals and women, especially those from marginalized communities, in such a sacred event as a violation of their traditionalist views of purity and sanctity.
• Parallel Festivals: In response to Nagarathnammal’s inclusive festival, these conservative factions organized their versions of the Tyagaraja Aradhana, which adhered strictly to caste-based exclusivity. These parallel festivals aimed to maintain the traditional caste hierarchies within Carnatic music, effectively segregating the music community along caste lines.
• Social and Religious Justifications: The boycott was often justified through religious and social rhetoric, claiming to protect the sanctity and tradition of Carnatic music and its associated rituals. This stance reflected societal tensions between maintaining caste purity and embracing social reform.

Implications of the Boycott

• Highlighting Societal Divides: The boycott not only exposed the deep-rooted caste prejudices within the Carnatic music community but also mirrored the larger societal divisions based on caste and gender. It brought to the forefront the need for reform and inclusivity within traditional cultural practices.
• Solidifying Nagarathnammal’s Resolve: Despite significant opposition and boycott, Nagarathnammal remained undeterred. Her resolve to maintain the inclusivity of the Tyagaraja Aradhana festival only strengthened, solidifying her legacy as a champion of social reform and inclusivity in Carnatic music.
• Legacy of Inclusivity: Over time, Nagarathnammal’s inclusive approach has been vindicated, with the Tyagaraja Aradhana festival at Thiruvaiyaru symbolizing unity and diversity within the Carnatic music community. Her efforts paved the way for a broader acceptance of inclusivity, influencing subsequent generations to challenge and dismantle caste and gender barriers in the arts.

Bangalore Nagarathnammal’s confrontation with caste-based boycotts of her Tyagaraja Aradhana festival underscored her pioneering role in challenging societal norms and advocating for inclusivity and equality in Carnatic music. Her legacy continues to inspire efforts towards creating a more inclusive and equitable cultural landscape in India.

Advocacy for Women Musicians

• Nagarathnamma shattered societal barriers by providing platforms for women musicians to perform publicly.
• Women’s participation in public performances was marginalized during her time, especially for those from specific communities.
• She challenged prevailing norms, opening doors for future generations of women musicians and advocating for their rightful place on the stage.

Challenging Caste Discrimination

• Nagarathnamma’s activism extended beyond gender equality.
• She fearlessly confronted caste discrimination within the Carnatic music community.
• Her efforts paved the way for a more inclusive and egalitarian musical landscape, where talent triumphed over social hierarchies.

T.M. Krishna and the Ongoing Debate

• Contemporary Carnatic musician T.M. Krishna shares similarities with Nagarathnamma.
• Like her, he challenges established norms and advocates for a more inclusive and socially aware Carnatic music scene.
• Krishna’s performances in non-traditional venues and emphasis on social justice mirror Nagarathnamma’s fight for equality.

Conclusion

Bangalore Nagarathnamma’s life was a symphony of courage, talent, and social reform. Her legacy reminds us that music transcends boundaries and can be a powerful force for change. When all the trolls, for and against die down, maybe the brilliance of a casteless, all inclusive society dawns upon us. Many of the current musicians who are boycotting, are like ostriches; turning a blind eye to the truth of a discrimination that exists, and I would daresay, feel threatened about the danger to their elitist positions in their perceived cultural ladder, probably the same way the current flock of MAGA cultists in the USA.

As we navigate the complexities of tradition and progress, let us draw inspiration from her unwavering spirit—a spirit that resonates through the ages and echoes in the soul-stirring notes of Carnatic music. 🎵🌟

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References:

1. Wikipedia: Bangalore Nagarathnamma
2. The Hindu: The Activist Behind the Music
3. Deccan Herald: Bangalore Nagarathnamma’s Reformist Zeal
4. Dharma Dispatch: Bangalore Nagarathnamma: A Life Dedicated to Tyagaraja.

Is your balance out of whack? Hormonal imbalance vs Purushartha imbalance

In my previous blog post, I discussed the critical balance among the four Purusharthas: Dharma (duty), Artha (wealth), Kama (desire), and Moksha (liberation). When these elements are not in harmony, the result is akin to experiencing a hormonal imbalance—immediate and often disruptive. Here’s a deeper look, with real-life examples and structured points for clarity:

• Imbalance and Its Visibility: Just like hormonal imbalances are quickly noticeable, a misalignment among the Purusharthas is evident, though often overlooked. By observing people around us, we can spot numerous instances where this imbalance manifests:
• A successful businessperson (Artha) neglecting family and ethical practices (Dharma).
• An individual pursuing personal desires (Kama) at the expense of societal welfare and moral obligations.
• The Role of Dharma: Our scriptures mention avatars descending to restore balance, highlighting the importance of Dharma. Upholding universal truths and ethical practices is essential in every aspect of life:
• Ethical business practices leading to profit (Artha) are commendable.
• Fulfilling desires, whether for material objects like cars or personal relationships, is acceptable when guided by Dharma.
• Pursuit of Moksha: Realizing the importance of going beyond worldly pleasures and seeking spiritual liberation (Moksha) is a noble pursuit, but it comes with responsibilities:
• Before seeking Moksha, ensure that your actions driven by Dharma, Artha, and Kama have not adversely affected others. Your legacy should leave them in a position equal to or better than before your quest.
• Abandoning responsibilities and leaving tasks unfinished is contrary to Dharma and denies others their chance at Moksha.

Understanding these principles clearly requires a calm and focused mind. Observing the world around us through the lens of the Purusharthas can offer insightful perspectives on personal and societal behaviors, guiding us towards a balanced and fulfilling life.

The Ultimate Guide to Life: Navigating the Ashramas and Purusharthas

*with Humor and Wisdom

Some eons back, since time is relative and as you get older, time kinda stretches, I had written about the ashramas or the stages of a human; four and not seven as dished out the bard of Avon. This blog begins where that left off. But lo and behold here comes the googly that would make Anil Kumble proud, a co-relation between ashrama and purushartha.

So, here goes!

The Foreword

Life often feels like a game where the instructions are in another language. Thankfully, the ancient sages of India left us a playbook: the four ashramas (life stages) and the purusharthas (life’s objectives). But, as we all know, applying ancient wisdom to the chaos of the 21st century can be like trying to use a compass in a room full of magnets – it’s an adventure. Let’s dive deeper into these concepts, armed with humor and a quest for understanding, to see how they can illuminate our modern dilemmas.

The Four Stages of Life: A Humorous Deep Dive

The ashramas are like the levels in the game of life, each with its own set of challenges and achievements.

1. Brahmacharya: The Tutorial Level

• The Setup: You’re a student, absorbing knowledge like a sponge, except when it comes to practical life skills like cooking, for which you’re more like a sieve.
• The Challenge: Mastering self-discipline and understanding your purpose, all while navigating the hormonal rollercoaster of adolescence.
• Life Hack: Treat Dharma (duty) as your mission statement. It’s okay if it currently reads, “Survive algebra and learn to make at least one edible meal.”

2. Grihastha: The Main Quest

• The Setup: You’re in the thick of it now – career, family, a mortgage that makes you question your life choices. It’s the ‘build your dream life’ phase, but with more plot twists than a telenovela.
• The Challenge: Balancing the pursuit of Artha (wealth) and Kama (pleasure) without losing sight of Dharma. It’s like playing a game where you have to keep all plates spinning, and yes, some are on fire.
• Life Hack: Remember, multitasking is a myth. Focus on one plate at a time, preferably the one that’s not on fire.

3. Vanaprastha: The Side Quests

• The Setup: You’ve seen things. You’ve done stuff. Now, you’re supposed to step back and let the younger generation take the wheel, but who says you can’t backseat drive a bit?
• The Challenge: Finding a balance between sharing your wisdom and realizing that sometimes, silence is golden (and so is letting others make their own mistakes).
• Life Hack: This is the time for mentoring, volunteering, or taking up hobbies you always put off. Ever wanted to learn the guitar? Now’s the time. Your family will love it (eventually). Note to self: this is such a shameless plug, makes me retch. Since I’m already rivaling a hippo re. thickness of skin, pls click on the link above to know more.

4. Sannyasa: The Endgame

• The Setup: The final level, where you seek Moksha (liberation) and enlightenment, or at least a day without back pain.
• The Challenge: Letting go of material desires and ego. It’s about finding peace and understanding in the simplicity and complexity of life.
• Life Hack: Start small. Meditation can be as simple as focusing on your breath or as complex as your tax returns. The goal is to find your zen, not to win a zen competition.

Applying the Purusharthas: Cheat Codes for Life

The purusharthas are like the objectives in the game of life, guiding your actions and decisions.

Dharma: The Moral Compass

• The Real Talk: It’s about doing the right thing, even when no one is watching, especially when choosing between the last piece of cake or leaving it for someone else.
• Pro Tip: Align your actions with your values. It’s like choosing your character’s alignment in a role-playing game, but with more real-world consequences.

Artha: The Resource Management

• The Real Talk: Money matters, but it’s not the end-all. It’s the means to an end – securing your needs and facilitating your wants without becoming a dragon hoarding gold.
• Pro Tip: Budget like a pro. Know when to save, when to splurge, and when investing in experiences or things that bring you joy is worth more than the price tag.

Kama: The Quest for Happiness

• The Real Talk: Pursuing pleasure and happiness is essential, but it’s about the balance. Too much Netflix and chill, and you might find yourself stuck in a rut.
• Pro Tip: Cultivate hobbies and relationships that enrich your life. It’s the side quests that often bring the most joy and unexpected adventures.

Moksha: The Ultimate Goal

• The Real Talk: Liberation from the cycle of life and death might seem a bit heavy for a Tuesday afternoon, but it’s about finding peace and contentment in the now.
• Pro Tip: Practice mindfulness and gratitude. Sometimes, enlightenment is about appreciating the little things, like the smell of coffee in the morning or finding the perfect meme to describe your mood.

Conclusion: Life, the Ultimate Adventure Game

Navigating the ashramas and purusharthas in today’s world is like playing a highly complex game without a cheat sheet. But with a bit of humor, patience, and wisdom, we can all find our path through the chaos. Remember, the goal isn’t to finish the game with the most toys or achievements but to enjoy the journey, learn from the challenges, and maybe, just maybe, leave the game a little better than when we started.

Whether you’re just starting your adventure in the tutorial levels or you’re navigating the endgame, life is a journey best undertaken with a light heart and an open mind. So, equip your metaphorical armor, gather your party, and let’s embark on the quest of a lifetime – with a few laughs along the way.

Why Everest Is Just Another Hill: The Quest for the True Mountain Monarchs

Everest – not the tallest mountain!

Everest, oh Everest! You’ve been hogging the limelight for far too long, basking in the glory of being the “tallest” mountain in the world. But what if I told you that Everest is the high school quarterback of mountains – popular based on old statistics and a lot of hype? Yes, folks, it’s time to debunk the myth and introduce you to the true giants of the mountain world. Why, you ask? Because, dear readers, sea level isn’t the same all around this wonderful globe of ours. So, strap on your virtual hiking boots, and let’s scale the peaks of truth.

The Problem with Sea Level: A Watery Quandary

• Fluid Foundation: Sea level, as it turns out, is about as stable as your average pudding during an earthquake. Due to gravitational forces, the rotation of the Earth, and the distribution of continents, sea level can vary significantly.
• Everest’s Elevation Enigma: Measured from sea level, Everest stands tall at 29,029 feet. But since sea level is not uniform, who’s to say Everest is the true champion?

The Real Titans of Topography

Now, let’s take a moment to shine a spotlight on the mountains that have been living in Everest’s shadow, patiently waiting for their moment in the sun.

1. Chimborazo’s Claim to Fame: This Ecuadorian beauty might not top charts with its height, but due to the equatorial bulge, it’s the farthest point from the Earth’s center. Sorry, Everest, but Chimborazo is sticking its peak out farther into space than you!
2. Mauna Kea’s Underwater Secret: When measured from its underwater base, Mauna Kea in Hawaii towers at over 33,000 feet, making Everest look like a mere molehill in comparison. Most of its mass is underwater, making it the ultimate “It’s what’s on the inside that counts” story.
3. Denali’s Dramatic Dominance: In the realm of base-to-peak elevation gain, Alaska’s Denali is the true heavyweight, rising majestically with a vertical relief that puts Everest’s slope to shame. It’s all about the climb, after all.

Why Everest Might Need to Step Down

• The Gravity of the Situation: Given the gravitational anomalies, if we’re measuring “tallness” based on distance from the Earth’s center, Everest is just not cutting it.
• The Sea Level Scandal: With sea level playing fast and loose around the globe, Everest’s title is as shaky as a fiddler on a roof in a windstorm.

The Underdogs Are Having Their Day

It’s time to celebrate the unsung heroes of the mountaineering world, those majestic masses of rock and ice that have quietly defied the odds, without the fanfare accorded to Everest. These are the mountains that have been training in the background, ready for their moment in the spotlight.

Conclusion: The Mountainous Truth

So, there you have it, folks. While Everest might have the brand recognition, when you dive into the nitty-gritty of what makes a mountain truly “tall,” it’s clear that there are other contenders for the crown. Let’s give a round of applause for the real MVPs of the mountain world, who’ve been towering quietly, biding their time until science and humor could finally unveil their true stature.

In the end, perhaps it’s not about which mountain is the tallest, but about celebrating the incredible diversity and awe-inspiring beauty of our planet’s topography. So, next time someone brags about climbing Everest, just nod knowingly and whisper, “But have you heard of Chimborazo?”

And remember, in the world of mountains, as in life, it’s all about perspective.

Meat the Future: Israel’s 3D-Printed Culinary Revolution!

Israeli Company Pioneers the Future: Printing Meat!

In the bustling landscape of technological innovations, Israel has always been at the forefront. This time, it’s not about cyber-security, AI, or drones but something that touches a basic human need – food. An Israeli company has created ripples in the culinary world by introducing a groundbreaking method to ‘print’ meat. Yes, you read that right. 3D printing has now ventured into the domain of gastronomy, and the future of food might just be a printed steak.

A Glimpse into the Technology

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has transformed industries by allowing the creation of intricate designs layer by layer. From creating machine parts to human organs, this technology has been expanding its horizons. Using this method for food, especially something as complex as meat, is both innovative and challenging.

The Israeli company has mastered this technique by using plant-based ingredients or cells from animals. They input these into their specially designed 3D printers, which then lay down the material layer by layer. The end result? A piece of meat that not only looks like the real deal but also has the texture and taste of it.

Why is this Revolutionary?

The implications of this innovation are profound:

1. Sustainability: Livestock farming is one of the significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. By reducing our dependence on traditional livestock farming, the environmental footprint of meat production can be significantly lowered. Printed meat doesn’t require vast pastures or the same amount of water and resources as traditional methods.
2. Animal Welfare: Printed meat can reduce the need for mass livestock farming, meaning fewer animals would be raised and slaughtered for food. This could lead to a decrease in animal cruelty associated with some farming practices.
3. Customization: With 3D printing, there’s potential for customization like never before. Need a steak with a specific fat content or a particular blend of nutrients? It could be just a print away!
4. Food Security: In areas where meat production or import is challenging due to environmental or economic reasons, printed meat could be a solution. It might even play a role in space travel, where astronauts could potentially print their fresh meat in space stations or distant planets.

Challenges Ahead

While the prospect of printing meat is exciting, there are challenges. Acceptance is a significant factor. Convincing traditional meat-lovers to transition to printed meat might be an uphill battle. There’s also the taste factor. While initial reviews have been positive, it remains to be seen if printed meat can truly replicate the diverse range of flavors and textures that traditional meat offers.

Moreover, regulatory hurdles are another concern. How will printed meat be classified? Is it vegetarian because no animals were harmed, or is it non-vegetarian because it’s essentially animal cells? Regulatory bodies worldwide will need to grapple with these questions.

Conclusion

The innovation of printing meat by the Israeli company is not just a technological marvel but also a step towards redefining our relationship with food. As with all groundbreaking technologies, there will be supporters and detractors. But one thing is certain: the future of food is changing, and it’s an exciting journey that we are all a part of.

Israel has given us a glimpse of what might be on our dinner plates in the future. And if this innovation can address the ethical, environmental, and health challenges posed by traditional meat consumption, then this might just be the culinary revolution we’ve been waiting for.

Choro or Samba? Which is king?

The first thing that comes to mind when you hear the term Brazilian Music is Samba. And I don’t blame you for it! With tantalizing rhythms and gorgeous dancers, the sounds and images of Samba are burnt into our psyche.

But hang on a moment, what if I told you there is an even more alluring form? And that is the genre, Choro. It probably is not as well-known or popular as the Samba, but it has more of an alluring factor. Subjective? Maybe, but if I had to get into the heads of everyone reading this blog, this piece would have never been written. I don’t mean to be disrespectful to my readers, but I am sure all of you get my drift.

Brazilian music, synonymous with the vibrant beats of Samba and the melancholy strains of Bossa Nova, also finds resonance in a lesser-known but deeply rooted genre: Choro. An intriguing blend of African rhythms, European harmonies, and indigenous forms, Choro is a musical tradition enriching Brazil’s soundscape for over a century.

Originating in the mid-19th century in Rio de Janeiro, Choro emerged from the cultural melting pot that was Brazil post-abolition. European immigrants brought classical forms and instruments – primarily flutes, guitars, and the Portuguese cavaquinho, a small stringed instrument similar to a ukulele. The rich rhythmic legacy of Africa passed down through the freed slaves was incorporated into this instrumental blend, giving birth to a uniquely Brazilian sound.

Choro, literally translating to ‘cry’ or ‘lament’ in Portuguese, may seem a misnomer for this lively music. But it reflects the genre’s emotional depth, which conveys melancholy, joy, nostalgia, and jubilation. It embodies “Saudade,” a Portuguese term capturing the complex feelings of longing, loss, and love.

A history of Choro

Traditional Choro is characterized by its complex structure, intricate melodies, and improvisation, making it the ‘jazz of Brazil.’ It’s typically performed by a ‘roda de choro’ (choro circle) featuring soloists who play the melody and improvise on small stringed instruments. At the same time, the rhythm is maintained by a seven-string guitar and light percussion, such as the pandeiro (Brazilian tambourine).

Instrumental prowess is an essential aspect of Choro. Musicians like Pixinguinha, Jacob do Bandolim, and Waldir Azevedo has been instrumental (pun intended) in elevating Choro to a revered art form. Pixinguinha, in particular, is celebrated as one of Brazil’s greatest composers, a virtuoso flutist and saxophonist who enriched Choro with Afro-Brazilian elements and jazz-like improvisations.

Over the decades, Choro has evolved while retaining its core elements. It has incorporated modern instruments, expanded its repertoire, and ventured beyond Brazil’s borders. Today, it’s common to hear Choro performing at music festivals worldwide, from Paris to Tokyo, resonating with audiences who may not understand Portuguese but connect deeply with the universal language of music.

In recent years, a new generation of musicians has taken up the mantle of Choro, infusing it with elements from other musical genres and ensuring its continuing relevance in a rapidly globalizing world. Artists like Yamandu Costa and Hamilton de Holanda are demonstrating the versatility and vibrancy of Choro to a new audience, blending tradition with innovation.

In conclusion, Choro is a testament to the power of cultural synthesis, a genre that celebrates diversity and unity in each rhythmic pulse. It’s a ‘cry’ that dances, a ‘lament’ that rejoices, embodying the paradoxes and profundities of the Brazilian spirit. Choro is not just a genre; it’s a dialogue between past, present, and future, a musical narrative of Brazil that continues to evolve and enchant.

From the lively Rodas de Choro on the streets of Rio to international concert halls, the pulsating rhythm of Choro invites us to partake in a journey of emotional and cultural exploration. The Choro plays on as the world tunes in, speaking in notes and rhythms, whispering tales of rich history, and promising a vibrant future.

Cracking the Melakarta Raga Codes with the Katapayadi System in Carnatic Music

During my early years, when I was trying to learn Carnatic music, my teacher talked about how a melakarta raga’s notes can be determined by the full name of the raga, essentially from the first two syllables. This was amazing to me then, and it continues to be fantastic. This was based on the Katapayadi system.

Like it’s said, the best way to learn something is to teach it; at least, Richard Bach said it; and I’m guessing it was in his book “Jonathan Livingston Seagull.”

So, what exactly is the Katapayadi system? Let’s dive into it, er…with a little bit of help from my friends, Wiki and Chat GPT, and the internet in general.

What is the Katapayadi system?

The Katapayadi system is a numerical notation system used in ancient India to represent numbers using letters of the alphabet. The system is believed to have originated in the Vedic period and was used for various purposes, such as writing poetry, mathematical calculations, and representing numbers in inscriptions.

Origins of the Katapayadi System

The origins of the Katapayadi system can be traced back to the Vedic period in India. The Vedas, the oldest Hindu scriptures, contain verses that use letters to represent numbers. This system was later developed and refined by Indian scholars and mathematicians to create the Katapayadi system.

Practical Usage of the Katapayadi System

The Katapayadi system was used for various purposes, such as writing poetry, mathematical calculations, and representing numbers in inscriptions. In poetry, the system was used to create numerical codes for words and phrases, which allowed poets to write poems that were easy to remember and recite. In mathematics, the system was used to represent numbers more compactly, making calculations easier. Finally, in inscriptions, the system was used to represent numbers in a way that was easy to understand, even for those unfamiliar with the numerals used in India at the time.

Examples of the Katapayadi System

The Katapayadi system is an integral part of India’s cultural heritage. It is a testament to ancient India’s mathematical and linguistic prowess and continues to be studied and appreciated by scholars and enthusiasts alike. Although the system is no longer in widespread use, it remains an essential part of India’s rich history and cultural legacy.

A very informative video

Cracking the Melakarta Raga Codes with the Katapayadi System in Carnatic Music

In Carnatic music, the Katapayadi system offers an intriguing way to decode the Melakarta ragas, the foundational scales that form the backbone of this rich musical tradition. Named using specific syllables, the first two syllables of a Melakarta raga reveal its number when decoded using this ancient Indian numerical system.

The process of decoding the ragas and understanding their structure involves several steps. First, the two constant notes in every raga are ‘Sa’ and ‘Pa.’ The remaining notes, ‘Ri,’ ‘Ga,’ ‘Ma,’ ‘Da,’ and ‘Ni,’ are derived from the Melakarta number.

The first 36 Melakarta ragas feature ‘Ma1,’ while the remaining 36, numbered 37 through 72, include ‘Ma2.’

To determine the positions of the ‘Ri’ and ‘Ga’ notes, subtract one from the Melakarta number and divide the result by six. The integral part of the quotient provides the ‘Ri’ and ‘Ga’ positions. If the Melakarta number exceeds 36, subtract 36 before performing this calculation.

The remainder from the same division operation determines the ‘Da’ and ‘Ni’ positions.

Let us illustrate these rules with a couple of examples:

1. Raga Dheerasankarabharanam: The Katapayadi system assigns the value of 9 to ‘Dha’ and 2 to ‘Ra,’ resulting in a Melakarta number of 29 (reversing ’92’). As 29 is less than 36, Dheerasankarabharanam has ‘Ma1.’ When 28 (1 less than 29) is divided by 6, the quotient is 4, and the remainder is 4. Hence, this raga features ‘Ri2,’ ‘Ga3,’ ‘Da2,’ and ‘Ni3.’ Therefore, the full scale of this raga is ‘Sa Ri2 Ga3 Ma1 Pa Da2 Ni3 SA.’
2. Raga Mechakalyani: According to the coding scheme, ‘Ma’ corresponds to 5 and ‘Cha’ to 6, yielding a Melakarta number of 65 (reversing ’56’). As 65 is greater than 36, Mechakalyani features ‘Ma2.’ Subtracting 36 from 65 gives us 29. Dividing 28 (1 less than 29) by 6 gives a quotient and remainder of 4, leading to ‘Ri2,’ ‘Ga3,’ ‘Da2,’ and ‘Ni3.’ Thus, Mechakalyani’s note sequence is ‘Sa Ri2 Ga3 Ma2 Pa Da2 Ni3 SA.’

An interesting exception to these rules is the raga Simhendramadhyamam. Using the conventional calculation, ‘Sa’ (7) and ‘Ha’ (8) would result in the number 87 rather than the correct Melakarta number 57. To correct this anomaly., the name should be ‘Sihmendramadhyamam,’ treating ‘Ma’ as 5, yielding the correct Melakarta number, 57.

In summary, the Katapayadi system offers a unique method to understand the structure of Melakarta ragas in Carnatic music, blending language, mathematics, and music fascinatingly.

Despite occasional exceptions, this system remains essential for Carnatic music enthusiasts and practitioners.

The one-lung celestial singer

I am dividing this blog into two parts – the mythological part and the fact-checked part.

I can already sense a few hackles rising.

“So, do you say that all mythological books are not based on facts?” “What about the Ramayana, the Gita, the Bible?”

Dear Sir/Madam – a thousand apologies – let’s leave all this for the stringent right, okay va?

Mythology

A child prodigy whose starts to sing as early as five is the apple of everybody’s eye. The child grows up and becomes a young adult.

This young man has a passion for seeking meaning. A meaning for his existence in all things unseen. His explorations connect him with a group of wandering minstrels of Bengal, the Bauls.

Who are the Bauls? The actual term ‘Baul’ means madman. In this context, there is a group or a band of singing minstrels who are crazy about spirituality and God. There are elements of Sufism, Vaishnavism, and Tantra, and they also inhabit areas of West Bengal, Assam, and Bangladesh.

Returning to our young man, he decides to go with the Bauls in their wandering. Just the music or the spiritual aspect would have been enough to drag him along, but with music and spirituality, it was inconceivable that our young man would have come unstuck. He stuck with them like a limpet to rock – and I don’t mean this in a derogatory way, as the word association of limpet is not exactly complimentary.

Long story short – the young man, who is not so young – roughened by the complete absence of creature comforts – remember this was not a trip on a mobile home hitched to an SUV. This was the real McCoy of wandering. Apart from heavily calloused feet and tousled, matted hair, the not-so-young man had contracted a raging infection.

Tuberculosis

The myth within this mythology is that the infection, the disease, caused him to return to ‘civilization.’

As luck would have it, the doctors had to remove a damaged lung to cure him of tuberculosis. Many would have just resigned to fate and plod along till the end of their time, but not the not-so-young man. He continued with his singing. He changed his style of singing to short phrases instead of long aalaps. If anything, he got more fans.

The name he was most popularly known as – Kumar Gandharva.

FACT: Kumar Gandharva: A Musical Genius of India

Kumar Gandharva was a legendary Indian classical singer known for his unique style and innovative approach to classical music. Born as Shivaputra Siddharamayya Komkali on 8 April 1924, he was a revered figure in the world of Hindustani classical music and is still remembered today for his contributions to the genre.

Gandharva’s musical journey began at a young age when he showed an early interest in music and began singing bhajans at the age of five. He went on to study under several renowned music teachers and eventually developed his own style, which combined traditional classical music with elements of folk and devotional music. This fusion of styles gave his music a unique and captivating quality that set him apart from other classical singers of his time.

One of the most distinctive aspects of Gandharva’s music was his use of a unique, nasal voice, unlike anything in classical music. Despite being criticized by some traditionalists, Gandharva’s innovative style was embraced by audiences worldwide and helped to bring classical music to a broader audience.

In addition to his musical contributions, Gandharva was also known for his devotion to his art and deep spiritual connection to music. He was deeply influenced by the Bhakti movement, which emphasizes the individual’s devotion to God, and this spiritual dimension is evident in the emotional intensity of his performances.

Despite his success and popularity, Gandharva’s life was challenging. He struggled with health issues throughout his career, including tuberculosis, eventually leading to his death at 63. However, despite his early passing, his legacy lives on, and he is remembered as one of the greatest classical musicians of all time.

In conclusion, Kumar Gandharva was a musical genius who revolutionized the world of Hindustani classical music with his unique style and innovative approach. His devotion to his art and deep spiritual connection to music has made him a beloved figure in classical music. His contributions will continue to be remembered and celebrated for generations to come.

Karaoke, a Dunning-Kruger effect?

It was past the time the cows came home. The good missus and I were squeezing out the few minutes between verticality and horizontality.

Jeez!

It was time to go to bed because the next day was a working day. However, The good wife was on her phone, scrolling through the various videos that social media algorithms were feeding her device.

There was this dude who was singing away to glory. That video was to entice people to a local bar that hosted karaoke events every weekend.

I use the word ‘entice’ with care because he was doing such a horrible job of singing the song that it probably was bait to get people over; two, er..three classes of people.

• One, those who think they can do a better job and
• Two, those who felt if he can do it, I can.
• Three, those repulsed by the singing, muttering, if this is the standard, then even wild horses cannot drag me there.

Now, how can you find wild horses in a city? Exactly.

“Doesn’t he know he can’t sing?” asked my wife.

My reply was, “the poor bloke may not even know enough to know that he can’t sing.”

As soon as those words popped out, I had a surreal experience. I heard myself speak something I never knew existed in my knowledge bank.

The next day, after all the necessary expulsions and intakes, I headed straight to my laptop to find out why people sometimes overestimate their capabilities.

It was then that I stumbled upon the Dunning-Kruger effect.

What is the DK effect? And I am not talking about Dinesh Kartik, you cricket crazies.

The Dunning-Kruger effect

Here it is, courtesy Chat.openAI

Quote:
The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with low ability at a task overestimate their ability. It is named after a 1999 study by David Dunning and Justin Kruger, in which they found that people who scored poorly on a test of their sense of humor also tended to overestimate their sense of humor. The effect is related to metacognition, or the ability to think about one’s thinking. People with low ability at a task may be unable to accurately assess their knowledge because they lack the metacognitive skills needed to do so. This can lead to a phenomenon known as “illusory superiority,” in which people believe they are more skilled or knowledgeable than they really are.
Unquote

The DK effect pervades the entire universe, irrespective of gender, race, or color.

Rombo, sorry, saar/madam, but that includes you and me.

Consider a scenario. You are flying at 30,000 ft and into your third glass of wine. The PA system crackles into life.

“Is there a pilot on board?”

A smart aleck pipes up. ” Actually, there should be two in the cockpit.”

He looks around for applause for the beautiful joke. Or so he thinks.

The steward is not amused.

“We have an emergency on board, and the pilots are incapacitated. I repeat, is there anyone here who can land a plane safely?”

If you raise your arm to volunteer to fly the plane because you watched a few videos on YouTube or if you played a flight simulation game, don’t blame it on the wine.

It’s a case of a full-blown Dunning-Kruger effect.